But our focus is primarily on state-supported efforts to control mass communication justified by claims of protecting the public interest, a form with profound implications for a democratic society.Д¬ensorship assumes that certain ideas and forms of expression are threatening to individual, organizational, and societal well-being, as defined by those in power, or by those involved in a moral crusade, and hence must be prohibited. In the interest of keeping material from a broader audience, content deemed to be offensive or harmful to public welfare is suppressed or regulated.ДЄt the most general level any rule, whether codified or customary, proscribing self-expression (e.g., nudity, hairstyles, body adornment, language use) or the surveillance and suppression of personal communication (phone, mail) can be seen as a form of censorship. Censorship may involve withholding or editing existing information, as well as preventing information from being created. It involves a determination of what can, and cannot, (or in the case of nongovernmental efforts should and should not) be expressed to a broader audience in light of given political, religious, cultural, and artistic standards. Marx, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001 2.1 Definitions and DifferencesД¬ensorship of communication in the modern sense is associated with large, complex, urban societies with a degree of centralized control and technical means of effectively reaching a mass audience. In each case, censorship is perceived as lessening objectionable expressions and either directly or indirectly promoting beneficial ones. Likewise, a wide range of media-including literature, art, music, electronic communications, and casual speech-can be subjected to censorship. The channels of censorship can vary widely, from group-to-group communication to person-to-person communication. In addition to the negative reinforcement of avoiding penalties for unsanctioned expression, the second form includes a more positive voluntary self-censorship by individuals who decide for themselves that restricting their forms of expression has its own merit. It usually includes penalties, or their threat, that create a вЂњchilling effect,вЂќ prompting individuals to impose censorship on themselves to avoid punishment. The first form is forced by a group in power on the individuals who are subject to the group's authority. Sweeney, in Encyclopedia of International Media and Communications, 2003 I.A Basic FormsД¬ensorship takes two basic forms: state-imposed and self-imposed.

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